1 When the people saw that Moses delayed coming down from the mountain, the people gathered themselves together to Aaron, and said to him, “Come, make us gods, which shall go before us ; for as for this Moses, the man who brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we don’t know what has become of him.”
2 Aaron said to them, “Take off the golden rings, which are in the ears of your wives, of your sons, and of your daughters, and bring them to me.”
3 All the people took off the golden rings which were in their ears, and brought them to Aaron.
4 He received what they handed him, fashioned it with an engraving tool, and made it a molded calf. Then they said, “These are your gods, Israel, which brought you up out of the land of Egypt.”
5 When Aaron saw this, he built an altar before it ; and Aaron made a proclamation, and said, “Tomorrow shall be a feast to Yahweh.”
6 They rose up early on the next day, and offered burnt offerings, and brought peace offerings ; and the people sat down to eat and to drink, and rose up to play.
Note · Exode 32.1–6
Le don peut servir un projet contraire à l’alliance
L’or est rassemblé pour une figure visible et une fête est annoncée au nom du Seigneur. Le problème concerne donc aussi la manière de représenter et de servir le Dieu de la délivrance. Une intention religieuse ou un vocabulaire pieux ne suffisent pas à rendre tout culte fidèle.
7 Yahweh spoke to Moses, “Go, get down ; for your people, whom you brought up out of the land of Egypt, have corrupted themselves !
8 They have turned away quickly out of the way which I commanded them. They have made themselves a molded calf, and have worshiped it, and have sacrificed to it, and said, ‘These are your gods, Israel, which brought you up out of the land of Egypt.’”
9 Yahweh said to Moses, “I have seen these people, and behold, they are a stiff-necked people.
10 Now therefore leave me alone, that my wrath may burn hot against them, and that I may consume them ; and I will make of you a great nation.”
11 Moses begged Yahweh his God, and said, “Yahweh, why does your wrath burn hot against your people, that you have brought out of the land of Egypt with great power and with a mighty hand ?
12 Why should the Egyptians talk, saying, ‘He brought them out for evil, to kill them in the mountains, and to consume them from the surface of the earth’ ? Turn from your fierce wrath, and turn away from this evil against your people.
13 Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, your servants, to whom you swore by your own self, and said to them, ‘I will multiply your offspring as the stars of the sky, and all this land that I have spoken of I will give to your offspring, and they shall inherit it forever.’” Notesn1 or, seed
14 So Yahweh turned away from the evil which he said he would do to his people.
Note · Exode 32.7–14
L’intercession se réclame de la fidélité de Dieu
Moïse invoque la délivrance, le nom de Dieu parmi les nations et la promesse aux patriarches. Il ne se présente pas comme plus généreux que Dieu par nature. Le récit donne une portée réelle au dialogue et à la supplication, sans transformer la prière en pouvoir de commande sur la décision divine.
15 Moses turned, and went down from the mountain, with the two tablets of the covenant in his hand ; tablets that were written on both their sides. They were written on one side and on the other.
16 The tablets were the work of God, and the writing was the writing of God, engraved on the tablets.
17 When Joshua heard the noise of the people as they shouted, he said to Moses, “There is the noise of war in the camp.”
18 He said, “It isn’t the voice of those who shout for victory. It is not the voice of those who cry for being overcome ; but the noise of those who sing that I hear.”
19 As soon as he came near to the camp, he saw the calf and the dancing. Then Moses’ anger grew hot, and he threw the tablets out of his hands, and broke them beneath the mountain.
20 He took the calf which they had made, and burned it with fire, ground it to powder, and scattered it on the water, and made the children of Israel drink it.
21 Moses said to Aaron, “What did these people do to you, that you have brought a great sin on them ?”
22 Aaron said, “Don’t let the anger of my lord grow hot. You know the people, that they are set on evil.
23 For they said to me, ‘Make us gods, which shall go before us. As for this Moses, the man who brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we don’t know what has become of him.’
24 I said to them, ‘Whoever has any gold, let them take it off.’ So they gave it to me ; and I threw it into the fire, and out came this calf.”
Note · Exode 32.15–24
Les tables brisées rendent visible la rupture
Moïse réagit à ce qu’il voit, puis interroge Aaron. Celui-ci minimise son rôle en racontant la fabrication comme si le veau était apparu de lui-même. Le lecteur connaît pourtant son intervention. Le récit distingue ainsi l’explication donnée pour se défendre des actes effectivement racontés.
25 When Moses saw that the people were out of control, (for Aaron had let them lose control, causing derision among their enemies),
26 then Moses stood in the gate of the camp, and said, “Whoever is on Yahweh’s side, come to me !” All the sons of Levi gathered themselves together to him.
27 He said to them, “Yahweh, the God of Israel, says, ‘Every man put his sword on his thigh, and go back and forth from gate to gate throughout the camp, and every man kill his brother, and every man his companion, and every man his neighbor.’”
28 The sons of Levi did according to the word of Moses. About three thousand men fell of the people that day.
29 Moses said, “Consecrate yourselves today to Yahweh, for every man was against his son and against his brother, that he may give you a blessing today.”
Note · Exode 32.25–29
Un jugement violent qui n’est pas un modèle à reproduire
Les Lévites exécutent un ordre qui atteint des membres de leur propre peuple. Le texte rapporte cette violence dans le cadre d’une rupture d’alliance majeure. Cette scène pose une difficulté réelle ; elle n’autorise aucun responsable religieux à purifier sa communauté par la force ni à faire de ses proches des victimes de son zèle.
30 On the next day, Moses said to the people, “You have sinned a great sin. Now I will go up to Yahweh. Perhaps I shall make atonement for your sin.”
31 Moses returned to Yahweh, and said, “Oh, this people have sinned a great sin, and have made themselves gods of gold.
32 Yet now, if you will, forgive their sin—and if not, please blot me out of your book which you have written.”
33 Yahweh said to Moses, “Whoever has sinned against me, I will blot him out of my book.
34 Now go, lead the people to the place of which I have spoken to you. Behold, my angel shall go before you. Nevertheless, in the day when I punish, I will punish them for their sin.”
35 Yahweh struck the people, because of what they did with the calf, which Aaron made.
Note · Exode 32.30–35
La solidarité ne supprime pas la responsabilité
Moïse va jusqu’à engager sa propre place dans sa demande de pardon. La réponse distingue la responsabilité de celui qui a péché et maintient la conduite du peuple. Le récit associe intercession et jugement, plutôt qu’il ne promet l’effacement instantané de toutes les conséquences d’une rupture collective.