1 Jacob called to his sons, and said : “Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you that which will happen to you in the days to come.

2 Assemble yourselves, and hear, you sons of Jacob. Listen to Israel, your father.

3 “Reuben, you are my firstborn, my might, and the beginning of my strength, excelling in dignity, and excelling in power.

4 Boiling over like water, you shall not excel, because you went up to your father’s bed, then defiled it. He went up to my couch.

5 “Simeon and Levi are brothers. Their swords are weapons of violence.

6 My soul, don’t come into their council. My glory, don’t be united to their assembly ; for in their anger they killed men. In their self-will they hamstrung cattle.

7 Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce ; and their wrath, for it was cruel. I will divide them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel.

Note · Genèse 49.1–7

La colère des fils n’est pas bénie

Le rappel de Ruben rejoint Genèse 35.22. Les paroles sur Siméon et Lévi reprennent leur violence, notamment racontée en Genèse 34. Le langage de bénédiction du chapitre n’exige donc pas d’approuver chaque conduite : la colère meurtrière peut être dénoncée au moment même où l’avenir est transmis.

8 “Judah, your brothers will praise you. Your hand will be on the neck of your enemies. Your father’s sons will bow down before you.

9 Judah is a lion’s cub. From the prey, my son, you have gone up. He stooped down, he crouched as a lion, as a lioness. Who will rouse him up ?

10 The scepter will not depart from Judah, nor the ruler’s staff from between his feet, until he comes to whom it belongs. The obedience of the peoples will be to him.

11 Binding his foal to the vine, his donkey’s colt to the choice vine, he has washed his garments in wine, his robes in the blood of grapes.

12 His eyes will be red with wine, his teeth white with milk.

Note · Genèse 49.8–12

L’avenir royal de Juda

Le lion, le sceptre et l’abondance donnent à Juda une portée de gouvernement et de fécondité. La formulation de Genèse 49.10 est difficile et reçoit des traductions différentes. L’interprétation messianique chrétienne est importante, mais elle ne permet pas de faire comme si toutes les difficultés de la phrase hébraïque avaient disparu.

13 “Zebulun will dwell at the haven of the sea. He will be for a haven of ships. His border will be on Sidon.

14 “Issachar is a strong donkey, lying down between the saddlebags.

15 He saw a resting place, that it was good, the land, that it was pleasant. He bows his shoulder to the burden, and becomes a servant doing forced labor.

16 “Dan will judge his people, as one of the tribes of Israel.

17 Dan will be a serpent on the trail, an adder in the path, that bites the horse’s heels, so that his rider falls backward.

18 I have waited for your salvation, Yahweh.

19 “A troop will press on Gad, but he will press on their heel.

20 “Asher’s food will be rich. He will produce royal dainties.

21 “Naphtali is a doe set free, who bears beautiful fawns.

Note · Genèse 49.13–21

Des images différentes pour des destins collectifs

Les paroles sur les autres fils utilisent des paysages, des activités et des animaux. Elles appellent à considérer la diversité des tribus plutôt qu’à établir une échelle simple de valeur personnelle. La brève invocation du salut au milieu du poème rappelle aussi que l’avenir dépend de Dieu.

22 “Joseph is a fruitful vine, a fruitful vine by a spring. His branches run over the wall.

23 The archers have severely grieved him, shot at him, and persecuted him :

24 But his bow remained strong. The arms of his hands were made strong, by the hands of the Mighty One of Jacob, (from there is the shepherd, the stone of Israel),

25 even by the God of your father, who will help you, by the Almighty, who will bless you, with blessings of heaven above, blessings of the deep that lies below, blessings of the breasts, and of the womb.

26 The blessings of your father have prevailed above the blessings of my ancestors, above the boundaries of the ancient hills. They will be on the head of Joseph, on the crown of the head of him who is separated from his brothers.

27 “Benjamin is a ravenous wolf. In the morning he will devour the prey. At evening he will divide the plunder.”

28 All these are the twelve tribes of Israel, and this is what their father spoke to them, and blessed them. He blessed everyone according to his own blessing.

Note · Genèse 49.22–28

Joseph béni au milieu de l’adversité

Les images de fécondité et d’attaque associent la vie de Joseph à une protection reçue. La bénédiction de l’ensemble des fils maintient leur appartenance commune malgré la diversité des paroles. L’unité de la famille n’exige pas que toutes ses histoires aient été identiques ni que chaque blessure soit oubliée.

29 He instructed them, and said to them, “I am to be gathered to my people. Bury me with my fathers in the cave that is in the field of Ephron the Hittite,

30 in the cave that is in the field of Machpelah, which is before Mamre, in the land of Canaan, which Abraham bought with the field from Ephron the Hittite as a burial place.

31 There they buried Abraham and Sarah, his wife. There they buried Isaac and Rebekah, his wife, and there I buried Leah :

32 the field and the cave that is therein, which was purchased from the children of Heth.”

33 When Jacob finished charging his sons, he gathered up his feet into the bed, breathed his last breath, and was gathered to his people.

Note · Genèse 49.29–33

Transmettre jusqu’au lieu de la sépulture

Jacob répète sa demande d’être enterré avec ses pères et nomme ceux qui y reposent. Le geste rattache sa mort à une mémoire et à une promesse. Le livre ne conclut pas que les descendants possèdent déjà tout le pays ; ils doivent encore vivre une histoire d’attente.