1 Yahweh spoke to Moses in the plains of Moab by the Jordan at Jericho, saying,
2 “Command the children of Israel to give to the Levites cities to dwell in out of their inheritance. You shall give pasture lands for the cities around them to the Levites.
3 They shall have the cities to dwell in. Their pasture lands shall be for their livestock, and for their possessions, and for all their animals.
4 “The pasture lands of the cities, which you shall give to the Levites, shall be from the wall of the city and outward one thousand cubits around it. Notesn1 A cubit is the length from the tip of the middle finger to the elbow on a man’s arm, or about 18 inches or 46 centimeters.
5 You shall measure outside of the city for the east side two thousand cubits, and for the south side two thousand cubits, and for the west side two thousand cubits, and for the north side two thousand cubits, the city being in the middle. This shall be the pasture lands of their cities.
6 “The cities which you shall give to the Levites, they shall be the six cities of refuge, which you shall give for the man slayer to flee to. Besides them you shall give forty-two cities.
7 All the cities which you shall give to the Levites shall be forty-eight cities together with their pasture lands.
8 Concerning the cities which you shall give of the possession of the children of Israel, from the many you shall take many, and from the few you shall take few. Everyone according to his inheritance which he inherits shall give some of his cities to the Levites.”
Note · Nombres 35.1–8
Le service reçoit de quoi habiter et vivre
Les tribus donnent des villes selon la taille de leurs possessions. Les terres autour servent aux besoins concrets des habitants. La situation distincte des Lévites ne signifie donc pas qu’ils pourraient vivre sans ressources matérielles ni que la communauté serait quitte de tout devoir envers eux.
9 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
10 “Speak to the children of Israel, and tell them, ‘When you pass over the Jordan into the land of Canaan,
11 then you shall appoint for yourselves cities to be cities of refuge for you, that the man slayer who kills any person unwittingly may flee there.
12 The cities shall be for your refuge from the avenger, that the man slayer not die until he stands before the congregation for judgment.
13 The cities which you shall give shall be for you six cities of refuge.
14 You shall give three cities beyond the Jordan, and you shall give three cities in the land of Canaan. They shall be cities of refuge.
15 These six cities shall be refuge for the children of Israel, for the stranger, and for the foreigner living among them, that everyone who kills any person unwittingly may flee there.
16 “‘But if he struck him with an instrument of iron, so that he died, he is a murderer. The murderer shall surely be put to death.
17 If he struck him with a stone in the hand, by which a man may die, and he died, he is a murderer. The murderer shall surely be put to death.
18 Or if he struck him with a weapon of wood in the hand, by which a man may die, and he died, he is a murderer. The murderer shall surely be put to death.
19 The avenger of blood shall himself put the murderer to death. When he meets him, he shall put him to death.
20 If he shoved him out of hatred, or hurled something at him while lying in wait, so that he died,
21 or in hostility struck him with his hand, so that he died, he who struck him shall surely be put to death. He is a murderer. The avenger of blood shall put the murderer to death when he meets him.
Note · Nombres 35.9–21
Distinguer avant de traiter tout auteur de mort de la même manière
Le refuge est aussi ouvert à l’étranger résident et protège contre une mise à mort avant jugement. Les instruments, la haine et les circonstances entrent dans l’examen. La responsabilité ne peut être déterminée seulement par l’appartenance de la victime ou de l’accusé à un groupe.
22 “‘But if he shoved him suddenly without hostility, or hurled on him anything without lying in wait,
23 or with any stone, by which a man may die, not seeing him, and cast it on him so that he died, and he was not his enemy and not seeking his harm,
24 then the congregation shall judge between the striker and the avenger of blood according to these ordinances.
25 The congregation shall deliver the man slayer out of the hand of the avenger of blood, and the congregation shall restore him to his city of refuge, where he had fled. He shall dwell therein until the death of the high priest, who was anointed with the holy oil.
26 “‘But if the man slayer shall at any time go beyond the border of his city of refuge where he flees,
27 and the avenger of blood finds him outside of the border of his city of refuge, and the avenger of blood kills the man slayer, he shall not be guilty of blood,
28 because he should have remained in his city of refuge until the death of the high priest. But after the death of the high priest, the man slayer shall return into the land of his possession.
29 “‘These things shall be for a statute and ordinance to you throughout your generations in all your dwellings.
Note · Nombres 35.22–29
Une protection qui reste liée à un séjour imposé
L’assemblée tranche entre l’auteur de la mort et le vengeur du sang. Le retour dans la ville de refuge protège la personne, mais limite sa liberté jusqu’à la mort du grand prêtre. Le dispositif ne correspond pas à notre droit actuel ; il doit être décrit sans le présenter comme une solution déjà égale à toutes nos exigences.
30 “‘Whoever kills any person, the murderer shall be slain based on the testimony of witnesses ; but one witness shall not testify alone against any person so that he dies.
31 “‘Moreover you shall take no ransom for the life of a murderer who is guilty of death. He shall surely be put to death.
32 “‘You shall take no ransom for him who has fled to his city of refuge, that he may come again to dwell in the land before the death of the priest.
33 “‘So you shall not pollute the land where you live ; for blood pollutes the land. No atonement can be made for the land for the blood that is shed in it, but by the blood of him who shed it.
34 You shall not defile the land which you inhabit, where I dwell ; for I, Yahweh, dwell among the children of Israel.’”
Note · Nombres 35.30–34
La richesse ne doit pas acheter l’issue du jugement
Un seul témoin ne suffit pas pour une condamnation à mort et la rançon ne remplace pas la réponse au meurtre. Le texte demande une justice qui ne soit pas à vendre. Sa peine capitale ne constitue pas pour autant une autorisation d’exécution privée ni un modèle directement imposé aux sociétés contemporaines.