1 The men of Ephraim said to him, “Why have you treated us this way, that you didn’t call us when you went to fight with Midian ?” They rebuked him sharply.

2 He said to them, “What have I now done in comparison with you ? Isn’t the gleaning of the grapes of Ephraim better than the vintage of Abiezer ?

3 God has delivered into your hand the princes of Midian, Oreb and Zeeb ! What was I able to do in comparison with you ?” Then their anger was abated toward him when he had said that.

Note · Juges 8.1–3

Une parole qui reconnaît les autres peut interrompre la querelle

Gédéon valorise la contribution d’Éphraïm et désamorce son ressentiment. Il ne répond pas à la revendication d’honneur par une surenchère. Cette scène donne un point de comparaison pour les conflits suivants, notamment Juges 12, où une querelle comparable ne trouvera pas ce dénouement pacifié.

4 Gideon came to the Jordan and passed over, he and the three hundred men who were with him, faint, yet pursuing.

5 He said to the men of Succoth, “Please give loaves of bread to the people who follow me ; for they are faint, and I am pursuing after Zebah and Zalmunna, the kings of Midian.”

6 The princes of Succoth said, “Are the hands of Zebah and Zalmunna now in your hand, that we should give bread to your army ?”

7 Gideon said, “Therefore when Yahweh has delivered Zebah and Zalmunna into my hand, then I will tear your flesh with the thorns of the wilderness and with briers.”

8 He went up there to Penuel, and spoke to them in the same way ; and the men of Penuel answered him as the men of Succoth had answered.

9 He spoke also to the men of Penuel, saying, “When I come again in peace, I will break down this tower.”

10 Now Zebah and Zalmunna were in Karkor, and their armies with them, about fifteen thousand men, all who were left of all the army of the children of the east ; for there fell one hundred twenty thousand men who drew sword.

11 Gideon went up by the way of those who lived in tents on the east of Nobah and Jogbehah, and struck the army ; for the army felt secure.

12 Zebah and Zalmunna fled and he pursued them. He took the two kings of Midian, Zebah and Zalmunna, and confused all the army.

13 Gideon the son of Joash returned from the battle from the ascent of Heres.

14 He caught a young man of the men of Succoth, and inquired of him ; and he described for him the princes of Succoth, and its elders, seventy-seven men.

15 He came to the men of Succoth, and said, “See Zebah and Zalmunna, concerning whom you taunted me, saying, ‘Are the hands of Zebah and Zalmunna now in your hand, that we should give bread to your men who are weary ?’”

16 He took the elders of the city, and thorns of the wilderness and briers, and with them he taught the men of Succoth.

17 He broke down the tower of Penuel, and killed the men of the city.

Note · Juges 8.4–17

Le besoin de soutien se transforme en représailles

Succoth et Penouel refusent d’aider une troupe dont elles doutent de la victoire. Gédéon revient les punir, jusqu’à tuer les hommes de Penouel. Leur refus est raconté, mais le texte ne transmet pas un ordre divin lui demandant ces représailles. Le rôle de libérateur ne rend pas automatiquement juste tout usage ultérieur de sa force.

18 Then he said to Zebah and Zalmunna, “What kind of men were they whom you killed at Tabor ?” They answered, “They were like you. They all resembled the children of a king.”

19 He said, “They were my brothers, the sons of my mother. As Yahweh lives, if you had saved them alive, I would not kill you.”

20 He said to Jether his firstborn, “Get up and kill them !” But the youth didn’t draw his sword ; for he was afraid, because he was yet a youth.

21 Then Zebah and Zalmunna said, “You rise and fall on us ; for as the man is, so is his strength.” Gideon arose, and killed Zebah and Zalmunna, and took the crescents that were on their camels’ necks.

Note · Juges 8.18–21

La vengeance personnelle entre dans le récit de guerre

Gédéon identifie parmi les victimes des rois ses propres frères. Il demande à son jeune fils de les exécuter, mais celui-ci a peur. Ce détail ne doit pas devenir un reproche d’insuffisante virilité : le récit précise qu’il est encore un enfant. L’honneur guerrier des adultes ne donne pas un droit d’impliquer un enfant dans une mise à mort.

22 Then the men of Israel said to Gideon, “Rule over us, both you, your son, and your son’s son also ; for you have saved us out of the hand of Midian.”

23 Gideon said to them, “I will not rule over you, neither shall my son rule over you. Yahweh shall rule over you.”

24 Gideon said to them, “I do have a request : that you would each give me the earrings of his plunder.” (For they had golden earrings, because they were Ishmaelites.)

25 They answered, “We will willingly give them.” They spread a garment, and every man threw the earrings of his plunder into it.

26 The weight of the golden earrings that he requested was one thousand and seven hundred shekels of gold, in addition to the crescents, and the pendants, and the purple clothing that was on the kings of Midian, and in addition to the chains that were about their camels’ necks. Notesn1 A shekel is about 10 grams or about 0.32 Troy ounces, so 1700 shekels is about 17 kilograms or 37.4 pounds.

27 Gideon made an ephod out of it, and put it in Ophrah, his city. Then all Israel played the prostitute with it there ; and it became a snare to Gideon and to his house.

28 So Midian was subdued before the children of Israel, and they lifted up their heads no more. The land had rest forty years in the days of Gideon.

Note · Juges 8.22–28

Le refus du titre ne suffit pas à empêcher une emprise religieuse

Gédéon attribue la royauté à Dieu, puis recueille de l’or pour un éphod placé dans sa ville. Sa forme exacte n’est pas décrite avec assez de précision pour être reconstruite sûrement. L’effet cultuel, lui, est jugé sans ambiguïté par le narrateur : l’objet devient un piège pour le peuple et pour la maison du libérateur.

29 Jerubbaal the son of Joash went and lived in his own house.

30 Gideon had seventy sons conceived from his body, for he had many wives.

31 His concubine who was in Shechem also bore him a son, and he named him Abimelech.

32 Gideon the son of Joash died in a good old age, and was buried in the tomb of Joash his father, in Ophrah of the Abiezrites.

33 As soon as Gideon was dead, the children of Israel turned again and played the prostitute following the Baals, and made Baal Berith their god.

34 The children of Israel didn’t remember Yahweh their God, who had delivered them out of the hand of all their enemies on every side ;

35 neither did they show kindness to the house of Jerubbaal, that is, Gideon, according to all the goodness which he had shown to Israel.

Note · Juges 8.29–35

La fin heureuse d’un homme ne garantit pas l’avenir de sa maison

Les nombreux fils et la mention d’Abimélec préparent le récit suivant. Après la mort de Gédéon, l’oubli touche Dieu et la reconnaissance envers sa famille. Le livre reconnaît le bien accompli sans retirer sa critique précédente de l’éphod : une vie peut être racontée avec ses services et ses égarements.