1 If one be found slain in the land which Jehovah thy God giveth thee to possess it, lying in the field, and it be not known who hath smitten him ;

2 then thy elders and thy judges shall come forth, and they shall measure unto the cities which are round about him that is slain :

3 and it shall be, that the city which is nearest unto the slain man, even the elders of that city shall take a heifer of the herd, which hath not been wrought with, and which hath not drawn in the yoke ;

4 and the elders of that city shall bring down the heifer unto a valley with running water, which is neither plowed nor sown, and shall break the heifer’s neck there in the valley.

5 And the priests the sons of Levi shall come near ; for them Jehovah thy God hath chosen to minister unto him, and to bless in the name of Jehovah ; and according to their word shall every controversy and every stroke be.

6 And all the elders of that city, who are nearest unto the slain man, shall wash their hands over the heifer whose neck was broken in the valley ;

7 and they shall answer and say, Our hands have not shed this blood, neither have our eyes seen it.

8 Forgive, O Jehovah, thy people Israel, whom thou hast redeemed, and suffer not innocent blood to remain in the midst of thy people Israel. And the blood shall be forgiven them.

9 So shalt thou put away the innocent blood from the midst of thee, when thou shalt do that which is right in the eyes of Jehovah.

Note · Deutéronome 21.1–9

Un mort inconnu ne doit pas devenir sans importance

Le meurtrier n’est pas identifié, mais la communauté proche doit répondre par une démarche publique. Le rite ne produit pas une preuve permettant d’accuser un innocent. Il reconnaît qu’un sang versé concerne aussi ceux qui pourraient préférer considérer le fait comme extérieur à leur responsabilité.

10 When thou goest forth to battle against thine enemies, and Jehovah thy God delivereth them into thy hands, and thou carriest them away captive,

11 and seest among the captives a beautiful woman, and thou hast a desire unto her, and wouldest take her to thee to wife ;

12 then thou shalt bring her home to thy house ; and she shall shave her head, and pare her nails ;

13 and she shall put the raiment of her captivity from off her, and shall remain in thy house, and bewail her father and her mother a full month : and after that thou shalt go in unto her, and be her husband, and she shall be thy wife.

14 And it shall be, if thou have no delight in her, then thou shalt let her go whither she will ; but thou shalt not sell her at all for money, thou shalt not deal with her as a slave, because thou hast humbled her.

Note · Deutéronome 21.10–14

La captive n’est pas dans une relation de choix égale

Un mois de deuil et l’interdit de revendre si elle est renvoyée limitent le pouvoir du vainqueur. Mais le texte ne demande pas explicitement son consentement au mariage. Il serait donc trompeur de raconter la scène comme une rencontre libre et heureuse ou d’y chercher une autorisation d’union imposée.

15 If a man have two wives, the one beloved, and the other hated, and they have borne him children, both the beloved and the hated ; and if the first-born son be hers that was hated ;

16 then it shall be, in the day that he causeth his sons to inherit that which he hath, that he may not make the son of the beloved the first-born before the son of the hated, who is the first-born :

17 but he shall acknowledge the first-born, the son of the hated, by giving him a double portion of all that he hath ; for he is the beginning of his strength ; the right of the first-born is his.

18 If a man have a stubborn and rebellious son, that will not obey the voice of his father, or the voice of his mother, and, though they chasten him, will not hearken unto them ;

19 then shall his father and his mother lay hold on him, and bring him out unto the elders of his city, and unto the gate of his place ;

20 and they shall say unto the elders of his city, This our son is stubborn and rebellious, he will not obey our voice ; he is a glutton, and a drunkard.

21 And all the men of his city shall stone him to death with stones : so shalt thou put away the evil from the midst of thee ; and all Israel shall hear, and fear.

Note · Deutéronome 21.15–21

Le père ne décide pas seul de toute conséquence

Le droit du premier-né résiste au favoritisme et le cas du fils rebelle est porté devant les anciens. Cette procédure n’efface pas l’extrême violence de la peine capitale. Le passage ne fonde pas un pouvoir actuel de maltraitance ni une obligation d’obéir à un ordre familial injuste.

22 And if a man have committed a sin worthy of death, and he be put to death, and thou hang him on a tree ;

23 his body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but thou shalt surely bury him the same day ; for he that is hanged is accursed of God ; that thou defile not thy land which Jehovah thy God giveth thee for an inheritance.

Note · Deutéronome 21.22–23

Même l’exécution ne justifie pas une exposition sans terme

L’ensevelissement le jour même impose une limite au traitement du cadavre. Galates 3.13 reprend le langage de la malédiction pour parler du Christ. Cette réception chrétienne ne signifie pas qu’une personne pendue ou crucifiée serait, par son supplice seul, moralement coupable de tout ce qu’on lui attribue.